If the ESD causes pain or makes a noise, how large was the charge?

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can indeed be felt or heard, depending on the amount of voltage involved. A charge that causes pain or makes a noise typically indicates that it is quite substantial, usually above a certain threshold.

Generally, it is accepted that a voltage level above 10,000 volts is necessary for ESD events to produce sensations of pain or audible sounds. This higher voltage range corresponds with the increased energy transfer associated with ESD events, which can lead to discomfort for an individual or generate a visible spark or crackle. Understanding these thresholds helps in preventing ESD-related incidents, especially in environments where sensitive electronic components are handled.

In contrast, lower voltage ranges, such as those below 10,000 volts, are less likely to cause any painful sensation or sound, as they do not possess enough energy to affect the human sensory system significantly. Thus, a charge above 10,000 volts is the most accurate classification for ESD that causes noticeable effects.